PATHOGENS

All are RNA viruses, members of five families: most viruses require vectors for transmission, usually arthropod- or rodent-borne.

• Arenaviridae: usually rodent-borne, divided into two groups.
  
  • New World or Tacribe complex, examples
    • Junin virus, cause of Argentine hemorrhagic fever
    • Machupo virus, described in Bolivia
    • Guanarito virus, Venezuela
    • Sabia virus, Brazil:
    • Chapare virus, Bolivia
  • Old World
    • Lassa fever virus
      • West Africa (most cases in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Nigeria)
    • Lujo virus South Africa
• Bunyaviridae: typically arthropod-borne
  • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF): Eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia
  • Hantavirus
    
    • Old World: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
      • Multiple strains: Seoul, Puumula, and others
    • New World: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
      • Multiple viruses, Sin Nombre and others
  • Rift Valley fever virus: Africa, Saudi Arabia
• Filoviridae: cause of disease in humans and non-human primates. Zoonotic transmission likely, reservoir debated, though person-person spread responsible for most cases after index patient.
  • Ebola virus: six species identified (four cause disease in humans: Ebola, Sudan, Taï Forest, Bundibugyo), Africa
  • Marburg virus: Africa
• Flaviviridae: arthropod-borne, primarily ticks and mosquitoes
  
  • Dengue fever virus is mosquito-borne worldwide in tropical, subtropical climates.
  • Yellow fever virus: mosquito-borne, Africa, tropical Americas
  • Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus: tick-borne, Egypt, Saudi Arabia
  • Kyasanur Forest fever virus: tick-borne, India, Karnataka state
  • Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus: tick-borne with rodent reservoir, Central Asia, western Siberia
• Phleboviridae
  
  • Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS): tick-borne, China