Yellow fever vaccine
VACCINE TYPE
General Identification
General Identification
Live, attenuated yellow fever virus
Vaccine Strain Characteristics
Vaccine Strain Characteristics
- The only approved vaccine for use worldwide is a live, attenuated virus derived from the original lot, 17D yellow fever virus strain, created by passing the wild-type virus repeatedly in cultures attenuate its virulent properties while ensuring it would induce immunity to the virus in the vaccine recipient.
- There are two 17D strains in use today (with 99.9% sequence homology):[13]
- 17D-204: found in the U.S. licensed vaccine (YF-VaxTM), and in StamarilTM which is produced in France and licensed in 44 non-U.S. countries.
- 17DD: manufactured in Brazil
- There are two 17D strains in use today (with 99.9% sequence homology):[13]
- The attenuation process used minced chick embryo cultures (no brain or spinal cords included), and the final passage prior to human use was in embryonated eggs.
- The vaccine comprises quasi-species as the vaccines are not plaque-purified and contain heterogeneous subpopulations with differing mouse-brain neurovirulence.
Non-Virus Constituents in the Vaccine
Non-Virus Constituents in the Vaccine
- No antibiotics or preservatives are part of any yellow fever vaccine manufactured worldwide.
- The vaccine is lyophilized for storage and must be reconstituted before use.
- It must be administered within 60 minutes of reconstitution to ensure potency and to avoid bacterial contamination.
- Manufacturer variability: salt, buffers, and stabilizer excipients.
- Stabilizers are needed to maintain potency.
- U.S. and U.K. (YF-VaxTM): sorbitol and porcine gelatin for stabilization.
- France (StamarilTM): sugars, amino acids, and divalent cations for stabilization.
- Stabilizers are needed to maintain potency.
Viremia following 17D Yellow Fever Vaccination
Viremia following 17D Yellow Fever Vaccination
- 17D vaccine induces minimal virus titers in circulating blood instead of the high virus titers that were seen in natural yellow fever virus infection.
- Similar onset to natural infection: ~ day 4 following inoculation, ends about neutralizing antibody appearance day 8 or 9 (see Immune Response below).
- Vaccine titers are below the threshold for uptake by the mosquito virus vector of yellow fever.
- Thought to explain the low risk of maternal-fetal transmission and low rates of neurotropic and viscerotropic vaccine adverse effects.
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Last updated: July 4, 2021
Citation
Hynes, Noreen A. "Yellow Fever Vaccine." Johns Hopkins ABX Guide, The Johns Hopkins University, 2021. Pediatrics Central, peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540594/all/Yellow_fever_vaccine.
Hynes NA. Yellow fever vaccine. Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. The Johns Hopkins University; 2021. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540594/all/Yellow_fever_vaccine. Accessed December 1, 2024.
Hynes, N. A. (2021). Yellow fever vaccine. In Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. The Johns Hopkins University. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540594/all/Yellow_fever_vaccine
Hynes NA. Yellow Fever Vaccine [Internet]. In: Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. The Johns Hopkins University; 2021. [cited 2024 December 01]. Available from: https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540594/all/Yellow_fever_vaccine.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
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