Hematuria
Basics
Description
- Hematuria is defined as ≥3 to 5 RBCs per high-power field (HPF) using a standard urinalysis technique on a centrifuged sample.
- Persistent hematuria: hematuria on >2 separate examinations
- Macroscopic or gross hematuria: hematuria visible to the naked eye
- Microscopic hematuria: hematuria detected by urinalysis or microscopy only
Epidemiology
- Prevalence of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in school-aged children is 3–6% on single urine sample and ≤1% on two or more urine samples.
- Gross hematuria: 0.13% children in walk-in clinic
- Gross hematuria is more common in boys.
Risk Factors
Nephrogenic causes of hematuria, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, and nephritis can be inherited.
Pathophysiology
Hematuria can occur from anywhere along the urinary tract or kidney. Causes of hematuria can be divided into glomerular and nonglomerular causes. In glomerular hematuria, RBCs cross the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) into the urinary space. Urine with dysmorphic red cells, proteinuria, and urinary casts suggest a glomerular origin.
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Citation
Cabana, Michael D., editor. "Hematuria." 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 8th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2019. Pediatrics Central, peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617640/1.0/Hematuria.
Hematuria. In: Cabana MDM, ed. 5-Minute Pediatric Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617640/1.0/Hematuria. Accessed December 10, 2024.
Hematuria. (2019). In Cabana, M. D. (Ed.), 5-Minute Pediatric Consult (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617640/1.0/Hematuria
Hematuria [Internet]. In: Cabana MDM, editors. 5-Minute Pediatric Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. [cited 2024 December 10]. Available from: https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617640/1.0/Hematuria.
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