Hereditary Spherocytosis
Basics
Description
- Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common red blood cell (RBC) membrane disorder causing hemolytic anemia.
- Hemolytic anemia with shortened RBC lifespan due to an inherent defect in RBC membrane proteins leading to selective destruction of RBCs in the spleen
- Gradual membrane loss with preserved intracellular volume results in spherocytosis with decreased RBC deformability and increased osmotic fragility.
- Pathophysiologically related to hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary ovalocytosis
- Severity related to degree of membrane loss
- Mild (20% of patients)
- Hemoglobin near normal
- Slight reticulocytosis (<6%)
- Compensated hemolysis, mild splenomegaly
- Often not diagnosed until adulthood due to gallstones
- Moderate (60% of patients)
- Hemoglobin 8 to 12 mg/dL
- Reticulocytes generally >6%
- >50% patients have splenomegaly.
- Moderately severe (10%)
- Hemoglobin 6 to 8 mg/dL
- Reticulocytes >10%
- Intermittent transfusions
- Severe (3–5%)
- Life-threatening anemia requiring regular transfusions
- Almost always recessive
- Mild (20% of patients)
Epidemiology
Most common inherited anemia in individuals of Northern European descent (~1:2,500)
Risk Factors
Genetics
- ~75% of cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.
- The other 25% are autosomal recessive forms, dominant disease with reduced penetrance, or new mutations.
Pathophysiology
- The most common abnormality is a deficiency of ankyrin and subsequent decrease in spectrin, two major proteins of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton (50–60% Northern European descent; 5–10% Japan).
- Spectrin deficiency alone accounts for 20% of HS.
- Mutations in other erythrocyte surface proteins also occur, including the following:
- β-Spectrin (typically mild to moderately severe), α-spectrin (severe HS)
- Band 3 (15–20% generally mild to moderately severe)
- Protein 4.2 (<5% HS, recessive and results in almost complete absence)
- Rh antigen (<10% mild to moderate hemolytic anemia)
- The membrane skeletal defect causes RBC membrane fragility, resulting in membrane loss.
- The sequelae are as follows:
- Loss of cell surface area relative to volume (spherocytosis) causes a decrease in cellular deformability.
- The spleen detains and “conditions” the nondeformable spherocytic RBC.
- Conditioning of cells involves depletion of adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), increased glycolysis, increased influx and efflux of sodium, and loss of membrane lipid.
- Ultimately, these events lead to premature RBC destruction.
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Citation
Cabana, Michael D., editor. "Hereditary Spherocytosis." 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 8th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2019. Pediatrics Central, peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617512/all/Hereditary_Spherocytosis.
Hereditary Spherocytosis. In: Cabana MDM, ed. 5-Minute Pediatric Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617512/all/Hereditary_Spherocytosis. Accessed November 5, 2024.
Hereditary Spherocytosis. (2019). In Cabana, M. D. (Ed.), 5-Minute Pediatric Consult (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617512/all/Hereditary_Spherocytosis
Hereditary Spherocytosis [Internet]. In: Cabana MDM, editors. 5-Minute Pediatric Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. [cited 2024 November 05]. Available from: https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617512/all/Hereditary_Spherocytosis.
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