Drug | Recommendation |
FDA-approved for inhalation use in pediatrics; many authorities are not impressed. For immune-compromised adults, ribavirin has been used as oral administration 10–30 mg/kg body weight in 3 divided doses/day with good results. (Aerosolization in adults is logistically challenging and very expensive.) IV ribavirin is produced but is not commercially available in the U.S. | |
FDA approved for the prevention of RSV in all infants < 8 months of age for the first RSV season of their life and for infants and children between 8-19 months who are entering the second RSV season of their life and have conditions that put them at high risk for severe RSV disease (e.g., chronic heart, lung, neurological diseases, immune compromise) | |
Only FDA-approved as a preventative measure in high-risk infants (e.g., bronchopulmonary dysplasia, premature birth, and hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease). Some clinicians do not believe the drug is compelling, given the cost and evidence for efficacy. Recent literature review suggests efficacy only for those born < 33 weeks with lung or cardiac conditions[19]. | |
RSVPreF3 (GSK) | 1-dose (0.5 mL) vaccination for adults aged ≥60 to prevent RSV lower respiratory tract disease |
RSVpreF (Pfizer) | 1-dose (0.5 mL) vaccination for adults aged ≥60 to prevent RSV lower respiratory tract disease. 1-dose (0.5 mL) vaccination during pregnancy at 32 through 36 weeks gestation to prevent RSV lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Given just before or during the RSV season. |
mRNA-1345 (Moderna) | 1-dose (0.5 mL) vaccination for adults aged ≥60 to prevent RSV lower respiratory tract disease. |
Comment: ACIP recommendations on the RSV vaccines for adults.
Comment: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the CDC regarding the use of nirsevimab for the prevention of RSV in infants and children
Comment: Practice guidelines for prevention and treatment of RSV in solid organ transplant recipients.
Comment: Leading respiratory virus infection investigator highlights the increasingly diagnosed infection in adults with the advent of widely used multiplex panels. Treatment is focused on those with severe disease and includes ribavirin and IVIG.
Comment: This document provides guidelines for using RSV prophylaxis in infants at risk for serious respiratory illness due to this virus. A revision to this guideline includes: Otherwise, healthy infants with a gestational age of 29 weeks or more should not receive palivizumab to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infections. Infants under one year of age with hemodynamically significant heart disease or chronic lung disease of prematurity should be treated with palivizumab, up to a maximum of 5 monthly doses, during the respiratory syncytial virus season. Risk factors for severe disease include age under 12 weeks, prematurity, underlying cardiopulmonary disease, and immunodeficiency. This document was not yet updated in 2023 with new products (vaccines, mab).
Comment: Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of RSV infections in immunocompromised hematology patients.
Comment: Data from CDC demonstrates that during the COVID-19 pandemic, respiratory viruses had lower-than-expected circulation during "respiratory viral seasons" and a spike in RSV cases in the summer of 2021 (which is not the usual RSV season).
Comment: Rare viral human challenge study, Phase II study design displaying the safety and efficacy of this vaccine now FDA approved. Compared to current indications, the study was done in younger adults (18-50).
Comment: Phase 2 study in 115 patients using EDP-938, a nonfusion replication inhibitor of RSV, acts by modulating the viral nucleoprotein. Findings include that compared to placebo, viral load was less, total symptom scores, and mucus weight. The inhibitor appeared to be well tolerated.
Comment: If a vaccine is approved for adults, immunization during pregnancy may well protect infants at their most vulnerable first few months from RSV due to passive transfer of maternal antibodies.
Comment: this study demonstrated that mortality rates for RSV in hematological malignancy patients/stem cell transplant recipients correlate with the severity of the disease as determined by radiographic findings.
Comment: Studies show that the intensity of immunosuppression (especially neutropenia and lymphopenia) predicts mortality in RSV lower respiratory tract infection in patients with hematological malignancy and stem cell transplantation.
Comment: A retrospective study comparing outcomes in immunocompromised patients with RSV infection based on treatment regimen (oral vs. aerosolized ribavirin). Outcomes were similar regardless of the form of drug delivery.
Rating: Important
Comment: Excellent review of RSV in transplant recipients, including solid organ
Comment: Review article focusing upon RSV infection and its treatment in solid organ and hematopoeitic stem cell transplant recipients.
Comment: This paper describes a classification system useful for stratifying bone marrow transplant patients’ propensity for developing bad outcomes from RSV (low, moderate and high-risk groups).
Comment: This paper reported the efficacy of an oral agent (GS-508) that inhibits the fusion of the RSV envelope to human cells. Treatment reduced the viral load and symptoms in patients experimentally infected with RSV.
Rating: Important
Comment: An absolute lymphocyte count of >1000 is highly protective against progression from upper to lower respiratory tract disease in HSCT patients with RSV.
Comment: Reviewers found evidence for the recommended use of palivizumab in reducing RSV-associated hospitalization rates in premature infants born at gestational age < 33 weeks and in children with chronic lung and heart diseases. Data are limited to allow commenting on the protective effect of palivizumab among other high-risk children, including those with Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and hematological malignancy, indicating further research is warranted in these groups.
Comment: This article demonstrates the significant morbidity and mortality associated with RSV infection in adults and particularly in those who are elderly and have chronic lung disease.
Comment: Review of 24 cases of RSV infection in adults with solid organ transplants. CT scans showed pulmonary modules and ground-glass opacities; some had small cavities and pleural effusions. Treatment was inhaled or oral ribavirin for 75%. There were no deaths.
Rating: Important
Comment: The estimate is 75,000-125,000 hospitalizations/yr in the US for RSV infections in children < 1 year. The total for OPD visits is 1.5 million. Total deaths -- about 250/year.
Comment: Adult RSV infections are common and more consequential in those with COPD and immunosuppression. Diagnosis may be more difficult than in children due to decreased viral shedding. The best method for detection is molecular diagnostics.
Comment: Multiplex PCR assay detects 12 respiratory viruses: parainfluenza 1, 2 & 3, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus, adenovirus, RSV, influenza A & B and rhinovirus. This "Seeplex" Respiratory Virus Detection assay is FDA-cleared, and initial studies show it is a significant advance.
Comment: Review of prophylactic palivizumab (monoclonal antibody) prophylaxis to prevent RSV in high-risk infants and high-risk immunosuppressed patients. This is a review from MD Anderson Hospital that addresses its potential value for treatment, which is extremely expensive and infrequently used.
Comment: Review of viral respiratory infections in patients with lung transplants. Results in 47 patients showed human metapneumovirus in 19 and RSV in 18.
Comment: Use of palivizumab (15 mg/kg lM) monthly to infants combined with infection control to control outbreaks of RSV.
Comment: Review of RSV in patients with hematologic diseases. Ten with RSV pneumonia and severe immunodeficiency received ribavirin, IVIG and/or palivizumab -- 5 died, including 4 of 6 who received all three. Authors conclude ribavirin is safe, but efficacy is not established.
Rating: Important
Comment: PCR testing on nasal secretions showed viral infections in 19 of 76 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. RSV accounted for six or one-third.
Comment: A comparison of 144 cases of influenza A and 132 cases of RSV in elderly hospitalized patients showed both groups had high rates of similar findings: URI symptoms, fever and infiltrates on x-ray.
Comment: Lung transplant recipient with RSV pneumonia treated with aerosolized ribavirin and then RSV hyperimmune globulin. The patient survived.
Comment: Prospective study of the risk of RSV infection resulting in hospitalization. The significant risk was: a low neutralizing RSV antibody level and chronic lung disease.
Comment: RSV is publicized as an infection of age extremes. The authors review data showing it is an important respiratory pathogen in younger, working adults. Outbreaks are annual and it is highly contagious. Immunity is incomplete and is not durable so repeated infections are common.
Comment: A controlled trial with dexamethasone (0.15 mg/kg q 6h x 48h) in 37 patients vs. placebo in 45 controls. There was no benefit to steroids.
Comment: A controlled trial with 15 lung transplant patients with RSV or parainfluenza infection given aerosolized ribavirin (average of five days). Clinical presentations with RSV or parainfluenza were similar. The outcome show 33% died or failed to return to baseline lung function. Conclusions are limited.
Comment: Study of adult veterans for 1998-2000 with 237,000 person-years of follow-up. Cardiovascular hospitalizations and urgent care visits cycled with influenza and RSV rates. Rates varied between 0.8/1000 (age 18-49) and 10.6/1000 for persons over 65.
Comment: Analysis of neutralizing antibody levels in 175 pts hospitalized with RSV-associated complications (by culture or serology) showed a protective antibody level. This supports the potential efficacy of an RSV vaccine.
Comment: National database w/ projection based on lab surveillance from 1990-1999 for RSV. This virus was found in 17,270 of 107,711 (16%) specimens in patients w/ respiratory tract infections. The total number of deaths attributed to RSV was 11,321 (1%). Of these, 78% were >65 yrs. RSV is a pathogen of age extremes < 5 and >65. At the most significant risk are the "elderly, elderly" persons >85 yrs.
Rating: Important
Comment: RATES are CAP 2-5%, nursing homes 5-10%/yr with 10-20% pneumonia & 2-5% death. CLINICAL FEATURES are like influenza - rhinitis, cough, wheezing, and low-grade fever. HIGHEST RISK & mortality - bone marrow tx. DX - best is bronchoscopy, not culture or antigen detection. RX: ribavirin & IVIG for the compromised host. CONTROL: handwashing, gowns & gloves.
Comment: Review of the role of viruses in pulmonary conditions sufficiently severe to cause hospitalization in Houston 1991-95. An analysis of 403 pts showed that 181 (45%) had viral infections, primarily inflluenza, parainfluenza and RSV.
Comment: IV ribavirin was NOT effective in treating cancer patients with RSV pneumonia.
Comment: HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for infection, but severe disease is uncommon.
Comment: The authors emphasize the role of infection control and the possible benefit of aerosolized ribavirin in immunosuppressed adults for preventing the nosocomial spread of RSV.
Comment: Outbreak involved 31 patients and 35 family members and employees. Of 18 pts with pneumonia, 14 (78%) died. Of 13 with URIs none died.
Comment: Surveillance studies in 54 Royal Navy recruits with respiratory symptoms showed adenovirus -- 35%, influenza -- 19% and RSV -- 14%.